LONDON， June 4 (Xinhua) -- After the outbreak of the water contamination crisis in the U.S. city of Flint， Michigan， more U.S. cities have been exposed to have similar problems， according to an investigation by The Guardian newspaper.
At least 33 cities across 17 U.S. states have used water testing "cheats" that potentially conceal dangerous levels of lead over the past decade， the British newspaper reported on Thursday.
Testing methods that can avoid detecting lead include asking testers to run faucets before the test period， known as "pre-flushing;" to remove faucet filters， called "aerators;" and to slowly fill sample bottles.
The investigation found that big cities like Chicago， Boston， Philadelphia， Detroit and Milwaukee were among the cities using poor testing methods.
For 25 years， the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has required water utilities to test a small pool of households for lead contamination at least every three years.
But the way residents are instructed to sample their water， as well as which households are chosen for testing， can profoundly impact how much lead is detected， said the report.
Two states， Michigan and New Hampshire， advised water departments to give themselves extra time to complete tests so that if lead contamination exceeded federal limits， officials could re-sample and remove results with high lead levels， it said.
Marc Edwards， a Virginia Tech scientist who first uncovered the crisis in Flint， described water testing in some of America's largest cities as an "outrage."
"They make lead in water low when collecting samples from EPA compliance， even as it poisons kids who drink the water，" Edwards said. "Clearly， the cheating and lax enforcement are needlessly harming children all over the United States."
Flint， a city northwest of Detroit in Michigan， switched off Detroit's Lake Huron water supply in April 2014 and turned to the Flint River as an interim source while a new regional pipeline was being built.
Residents immediately complained about the water's color and odor， and independent investigators discovered elevated lead levels in the water and blood of children.
The State of Michigan initially downplayed people's concerns， but eventually confirmed finding lead in Flint water supply in October 2015 and began taking steps to address the crisis.
As a result， the state Department of Environmental Quality director and a department spokesman resigned and another official has been fired. Michigan Governor Rick Snyder called for an investigation into the state Health Department.
U.S. Attorney's Office in Detroit started investigating into Flint water crisis in January this year， along with the EPA.
Eastern U.S. states are considered to have a high risk of lead contamination due to their aging infrastructure. Enditem
Electronic equipments are highly sophisticated items that create an ease in various areas of your life. The more complex the instrument Marius Wolf Trikot Borussia Dortmund , the higher is its need and to ensure excellent efficiency in one?s electronic appliances you have to get a quick turn PCB (Printed circuit board) service at hand. As soon as you have a high quality circuitry to support your applications, go ahead and start selling as you will be able to rule the roost with this superior quality services on your side.
A quick turn PCB service can find its usage in an array of applications Lukasz Piszczek Trikot Borussia Dortmund , be it the commonly used LCD products, automobiles Shinji Kagawa Trikot Borussia Dortmund , communication equipments, industrial instruments Christian Pulisic Trikot Borussia Dortmund , security products and more. This service enables you to get a circuit board developed within a matter of few days for your business firm that deals with creating such electronic equipments that require the use of such ingenious circuitry to connect various elements of complex electronic gadgets. While larger companies normally go for mass produced versions by large scale manufacturers, many such manufacturers require mass orders too Maximilian Philipp Trikot Borussia Dortmund , in such a case a high quality PCB prototype service will work wonders as it allows one to obtain the PCB without placing a large order unlike most PCB manufacturers.
A really good firm will also be able to provide a high density PCB that can cater to more complex equipments and electronic equipment manufacturers desire such kind of circuit boards to make their manufacturing job a lot simpler. However, the material of the circuit board is also extremely important in aiding the performance of particular equipments and in such a situation one has to find a China PCB manufacturer that can give you justice as per your needs and specifications from a PCB service.
A unique PCB would be the Aluminum PCB that is a copper clad laminate used in high power LED products and automotive circuits as its excellent thermal conductivity Mahmoud Dahoud Trikot Borussia Dortmund , electrical insulation and mechanical processing properties widen its usage to various appliances. It also delivers an incredible performance and offers the cheapest cooling solutions. However, generally a heavy copper PCB is used in power supply cases that need high power distribution and heat dissipation. Thus it is the option to choose when the need is of a power supply need for your computer.
A China PCB manufacturer will not only ensure that you get a really high quality PCB service for your business needs but will also make sure that you don?t have to go to a large scale manufacturer that will ask you to order a certain said amount of PCBs. With a quick turn PCB service working hard on your requirement Sebastian Rode Trikot Borussia Dortmund , you can be assured of a personalized approach in handling your requirements that will deliver exactly what you want in reasonable time frames. This way you will get a unique solution to your need and not a regular service that is available to create the same quality amongst numerous applications.
Sie sind vermutlich noch nicht im Forum angemeldet - Klicken Sie hier um sich kostenlos anzumelden
Offline